Russian ruble

Russian ruble
российский рубль (Russian)[1]
5000 rubles Ruble coins
5000 rubles Ruble coins
ISO 4217 Code RUB
User(s)  Russia, Abkhazia, and South Ossetia
Inflation 8.3% (2009)
Source Bank of Russia, December 2009
Subunit
1/100 kopek (копейка[2])
Symbol руб. / Р. / р.
kopek (копейка[2]) к. / коп.
Plural The language(s) of this currency belong(s) to the Slavic languages. There is more than one way to construct plural forms. See article.
Coins
Freq. used 10, 50 kopeks, 1, 2, 5, 10 rubles
Rarely used 1, 5 kopeks
Banknotes
Freq. used 10, 50, 100, 500, 1000, 5000 rubles
Rarely used 5 rubles
Central bank Bank of Russia
Website www.cbr.ru
Printer Goznak
Website www.goznak.ru
Mint Moscow Mint and Saint Petersburg Mint

The ruble or rouble (Russian: рубль rublʹ, plural рубли́ rubli; see note on English spelling and Russian plurals with numbers) (code: RUB) is the currency of the Russian Federation and the two partially recognized republics of Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Formerly, the ruble was also the currency of the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union prior to their breakups. Belarus and Transnistria also use currencies with the same name. The ruble is subdivided into 100 kopeks (sometimes transliterated kopecks, or copecks, Russian: копе́йка, kopeýka, plural: копе́йки, kopeýki). The ISO 4217 code is RUB or 643; the former code, RUR or 810, refers to the Russian ruble prior to the 1998 denomination (1 RUB = 1000 RUR).

Currently there is no official symbol[3] for the ruble, though the abbreviation руб is in wide use. Various symbols have been put forward[4] as possibilities, including: "РР" (Cyrillic for "RR"), an "R" with two horizontal strokes across the top (similar to the Philippine peso sign),₱, a "Р" with one horizontal strikes.[5]

Contents

Etymology

Main article: Ruble

According to the most popular version, the word "ruble" is derived from the Russian verb руби́ть, rubit', meaning to chop. Historically, a "ruble" was a piece of a certain weight chopped off a gold silver ingot (grivna), hence the name. Another version is that the name comes from the Russian noun рубе́ц, meaning "seam", as coins were molded and a seam was clearly visible on the side.

Names of different denominations

In the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries, several coins had individual names:

The amount of 10 rubles (in either bill or coin) is sometimes informally referred to as a chervonets. Historically, it was the name for the first Russian 3-ruble gold coin issued for general circulation in 1701. The current meaning comes from Soviet golden chervonets (сове́тский золото́й черво́нец) issued in 1923 that was equivalent to the pre-revolution 10 gold rubles. All these names are obsolete. The practice of using the old kopek coin names for amounts in rubles is now not very common. In modern Russian slang only these names are used:

The sixth term derived from "пять кать" (five Catherines). Katya (Катя, Catherina) having been a slang name for the 100 ruble note in tsarist Russia, as the note had a picture of Catherine II on it. The biggest denomination note as for September, 2009 is 5000 rubles, so all the higher amount nicknames refer to amount and not coin or paper note. Warning: Most of these definitions, i.e. Chirik, Poltos, Pyatikatka, and Kosar come from jail slang Fenya. It is a quite vulgar manner of speaking.

Currency symbol

The original symbol of the Ruble used throughout the 17th century. Composed of the Russian letters "Р" and "У".

A currency symbol was used for the ruble between the 16th century and the 18th century. The symbol consisted of the Russian letters "Р" (rotated by 90° counter-clockwise) and "У" (written on top of it). The symbol was placed over the amount number to which belonged to.[6] This symbol, however, fell into disuse during the 19th century onward.

Two candidates for the ruble sign

No official symbol was used during the final years of the Empire, nor was one introduced in the Soviet Union. The characters R[7][8] and руб were utilized and remain so today, though they are not official[3].

In July 2007, the Central Bank of Russia announced that it would decide on a symbol for the ruble. The bank will test 13 symbols for the ruble. This includes the symbol РР (RR in Russian for Russian Ruble), which has received preliminary approval from the Central Bank.[4] However, one more symbol, a Р with a horizontal stroke below the top similar to the Philippine peso sign, was proposed unofficially.[4] Proponents of the new sign claim that it is simple, recognizable and similar to other currency signs. [1] [5] [2]

Another candidate for a ruble symbol was selected in a competition organized by the Russian News and Information Agency. The "Swanling" symbol was one of 20 winners of the competition and was also one of 8 winners of a competition organized by the website KM.RU in 2006. The symbol has no similarity to any other currency symbol. [3] [4] [5]

History

First ruble, Antiquity – 31 December 1921

The ruble has been the Russian unit of currency for about 500 years. From 1710, the ruble was divided into 100 kopeks.

The amount of precious metal in a ruble varied over time. In a 1704 currency reform, Peter I standardized the ruble to 28 grams of silver. While ruble coins were silver, there were higher denominations minted of gold and platinum. By the end of the 18th century, the ruble was set to 4 zolotnik 21 dolya (almost exactly equal to 18 grams) of pure silver or 27 dolya (almost exactly equal to 1.2 grams) of pure gold, with a ratio of 15:1 for the values of the two metals. In 1828, platinum coins were introduced with 1 ruble equal to 77⅔ dolya (3.451 grams).

On 17 December 1885, a new standard was adopted which did not change the silver ruble but reduced the gold content to 1.161 grams, pegging the gold ruble to the French franc at a rate of 1 ruble = 4 francs. This rate was revised in 1897 to 1 ruble = 2⅔ francs (0.774 grams gold).

With the outbreak of the First World War, the gold standard peg was dropped and the ruble fell in value, suffering from hyperinflation in the early 1920s.

Second ruble, 1 January 1922 – 31 December 1922

In 1922, the first of several redenominations took place, at a rate of 1 "new" ruble for 10,000 "old" rubles. The chervonetss (червонец) was also introduced in 1922.

1898 Russian Empire one rouble bill, obverse
1898 Russian Empire one rouble bill, reverse

Third ruble, 1 January 1923 – 6 March 1924

A second redenomination took place in 1923, at a rate of 100 to 1. Again, only paper money was issued. During the lifetime of this currency, the first money of the Soviet Union was issued.

Fourth (Gold) ruble, 7 March 1924 – 1947

A third redenomination in 1924 introduced the "gold" ruble at a value of 50,000 rubles of the previous issue. This reform also saw the ruble linked to the chervonets, at a value of 10 rubles. Coins began to be issued again in 1924, whilst paper money was issued in rubles for values below 10 rubles and in chervonets for higher denominations.

Fifth ruble, 1947 – 1961

Following World War II, the Soviet government implemented a confiscatory redenomination of the currency to reduce the amount of money in circulation. This only affected the paper money. Old rubles were revalued at one tenth of their face value.

Sixth ruble, 1961 – 31 December 1997

The 1961 redenomination was a repeat of the 1947 reform, with the same terms applying. The Soviet ruble of 1961 was formally equal to 0.987412 gram of gold, but the exchange for gold was never available to the general public. Following the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991, the ruble remained the currency of the Russian Federation. A new set of banknotes was issued in the name of Bank of Russia in 1993. During the period of hyperinflation of the early 1990s, the ruble was significantly devalued.

Seventh ruble, 1 January 1998 –

The ruble was redenominated on 1 January 1998, with one new ruble equalling 1000 old rubles. The redenomination was a purely psychological step that did not solve the fundamental economic problems faced by the Russian economy at the time, and the currency was devalued in August 1998 following the 1998 Russian financial crisis. The ruble lost 70% of its value against the U.S. Dollar in the six months following this 1998 Russian financial crisis.

By calculating the product of all six redenominations, it is seen that a seventh ruble is equal to 5×1015 original rubles.

In November 2004, the authorities of Dimitrovgrad (Ulyanovsk Oblast) erected a five-meter monument to the ruble.

Coins

First ruble

At the beginning of the 19th century, copper coins were issued for ¼, ½, 1, 2 and 5 kopeks, with silver 5, 10, 25 and 50 kopeks and 1 ruble and gold 5 although production of the 10 ruble coin ceased in 1806. Silver 20 kopeks were introduced in 1820, followed by copper 10 kopeks minted between 1830 and 1839, and copper 3 kopeks introduced in 1840. Between 1828 and 1845, platinum 3, 6 and 12 rubles were issued. In 1860, silver 15 kopecs were introduced, due to the use of this denomination (equal to 1 złoty) in Poland, whilst, in 1869, gold 3 rubles were introduced. [6] In 1886, a new gold coinage was introduced consisting of 5 and 10 ruble coins. This was followed by another in 1897. In addition to smaller 5 and 10 ruble coins, 7½ and 15 ruble coins were issued for a single year, as these were equal in size to the previous 5 and 10 ruble coins. The gold coinage was suspended in 1911, with the other denominations produced until the First World War.

Fourth, fifth and sixth rubles

The first coinage after Russian civil war was minted in 1921 with silver coins in denominations of 10, 15, 20 and 50 kopeks and 1 ruble. Golden chervonets were minted in 1923. These coins bore the emblem and legends of the RSFSR. In 1924, copper coins were introduced for 1, 2, 3 and 5 kopeks, together with further silver 10, 15 and 20 kopeks, 1 poltinnik (50 kopeks) and 1 ruble. From this issue onwards, the coins were minted in the name of the Soviet Union. Copper ½ kopek coins were introduced in 1925. The 1 ruble was only issued in 1924 and production of the poltinnik was stopped in 1927, while the ½ kopek ceased to be minted in 1928. In 1926, aluminium-bronze replaced copper in the 1, 2, 3 and 5 kopeks and, in 1931, the remaining silver coins were replaced with cupro-nickel. This coinage was unaffected by the redenominations of 1947 and 1961. However, 1961 did see the introduction of new coins, with 1, 2, 3 and 5 kopeks in aluminium-bronze, and 10, 15, 20 and 50 kopeks and 1 ruble in cupro-nickel-zinc. In 1991, a new coinage was introduced in denominations of 10 and 50 kopeks, 1, 5 and 10 rubles. The 10 kopeks was struck in brass-plated steel, the 50 kopeks, 1 and 5 rubles were in cupro-nickel and the 10 rubles was bimetallic with an aluminium-bronze centre and a cupro-nickel-zinc ring. After the end of the Soviet Union, the Russian Federation introduced coins in 1992 in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 rubles. The 1 and 5 rubles were minted in brass-clad steel, the 10 and 20 rubles in cupro-nickel and the 50 and 100 rubles were bimetallic (aluminium-bronze and cupro-nickel-zinc). In 1993, aluminium-bronze 50 rubles and cupro-nickel-zinc 100 rubles were issued, and the material of 10 and 20 rubles was changed to nickel-plated steel. In 1995 the material of 50 rubles was changed to brass-plated steel, but the coins were minted with the old date 1993.

Regularly issued commemorative one ruble coin during this period is practically identical in size and weight to a 5 Swiss franc coin (worth approx. €3 / US$4). For this reason, there have been several instances of (now worthless) ruble coins being used on a large scale to defraud automated vending machines in Switzerland.[9]

Seventh ruble

In 1998, the following coins were introduced:

Currently Circulating Coins [7]
Value Technical parameters Description Date of first minting
Diameter Mass Composition Edge Obverse Reverse
1 kopek 15.5 mm 1.5 g [10] Cupronickel-steel Plain Saint George Value 1997
5 kopeks 18.5 mm 2.6 g [11]
10 kopeks 17.5 mm 1,95 g [12] Brass 1997–2006, Brass plated steel 2006– Milled for brass and plain for plated Saint George Value 1997
50 kopeks 19.5 mm 2.9 g [13]
1 ruble 20.5 mm 3.25 g Cupronickel 1997–2009, Nickel plated steel 2009– Milled 2-headed eagle emblem of the Bank of Russia Value 1997
2 rubles 23 mm 5.1~5.2 g Broken reeding
5 rubles 25 mm 6.45 g Cupronickel-copper 1997–2009, Nickel plated steel 2009– 1997
10 rubles 22 mm 5.63 g Brass plated steel Broken reeding 2-headed eagle emblem of the Bank of Russia Value 2009
1 ruble 1998
Value Emblem of the Bank of Russia

1 and 5 kopek coins are rarely used (especially the 1 kopek coin) due to their small value and in some cases may not be accepted by stores or individuals. In some cases, the 10 kopek coin is also occasionally refused. All these coins began being issued in 1998, despite the fact that some of them bear the year 1997. Since 2000, bimetallic 10 ruble circulating commemorative coins have been issued. In 2008, it was proposed by the Bank of Russia to withdraw 1 and 5 kopek coins from circulation and to round all the prices to 10 kopeks, although the proposal hasn't been realized as of 2010. The material of 1, 2 and 5 ruble coins was switched to nickel plated steel in the second quarter of 2009. In October 2009, a new 10 ruble coin made of brass plated steel was issued and the 10 ruble banknote will be withdrawn by 2012. Bimetallic 10 ruble coins will continue to be issued. A series of circulating Olympic commemorative 25 ruble coins will start in 2011. The new coins will be made of cupromickel.

The Bank of Russia also issues other commemorative coins ranges from 1–10,000 rubles. See [8] for listing.

Banknotes

First ruble

Imperial issues

Five hundred rubles featuring Peter the Great, 1912.

In 1769, state assignats were introduced for 25, 50, 75 and 100 rubles, with 5 and 10 rubles added in 1787 and 200 ruble in 1819. The value of the assignats fell relative to the coins until, in 1839, the relationship was fixed at 1 coin ruble = 3½ assignat rubles. In 1840, the State Commercial Bank issued 3, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 rubles notes, followed by 50 ruble credit notes of the Custody Treasury and State Loan Bank. In 1843, state credit notes were introduced in denominations of 1, 3, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 rubles. These circulated, in various types, until the revolution, with 500 rubles notes added in 1898 and 250 and 1000 rubles notes added in 1917. In 1915, two kinds of small change notes were issued. One, issued by the Treasury, consisted of regular style (if small) notes for 1, 2, 3, 5 and 50 kopeks. The other consisted of the designs of stamps printed onto card with text and the imperial eagle printed on the reverse. These were in denominations of 1, 2, 3, 10, 15 and 20 kopeks.

Provisional Government issues

In 1917, the Provisional Government issued treasury notes for 20 and 40 rubles. These notes are known as "Kerenki" or "Kerensky rubles". The provisional government also had 25 and 100 rubles state credit notes printed in the U.S.A. but most were not issued.

RSFSR issues

In 1918, state credit notes were introduced by the R.S.F.S.R. for 1, 3, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 250, 500, 1000, 5000 and 10,000 rubles. These were followed in 1919 by currency notes for 1, 2, 3, 15, 20, 60, 100, 250, 500, 1000, 5000 and 10,000 rubles. In 1921, currency note denominations of 5, 50, 25,000, 50,000, 100,000, 1 million, 5 million and 10 million rubles were added.

Second ruble

Only state currency notes were issued for this currency, in denominations of 1, 3, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 250, 500, 1000, 5000 and 10,000 rubles.

Third ruble

As with the previous currency, only state currency notes were issued, in denominations of 50 kopeks, 1, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 250, 500, 1000, 5000 and 10,000 rubles. In early 1924, just before the next redenomination, the first paper money was issued in the name of the USSR, featuring the state emblem with 6 bands around the wheat, representing the language of the then 4 constituent republics of the Union: Russian SFSR, Transcaucasian SFSR (Azerbaijani, Armenian, and Georgian), Ukrainian SSR and Byelorussian SSR. They were dated 1923 and were in denominations of 10,000, 15,000, and 25,000 rubles.

Fourth ruble

In 1924, state currency notes were introduced for 1, 3 and 5 gold rubles (рубль золотом). These circulated alongside the chervonets notes introduced in 1922 by the State Bank in denominations of 1, 3, 5 10 and 25 chervonets. State Treasury notes replaced the state currency notes after 1928. In 1938, new notes were issued for 1, 3 and 5 rubles, dropping the word "gold".

Fifth ruble

In 1947, State Treasury notes were introduced for 1, 3 and 5 rubles, along with State Bank notes for 10, 25, 50 and 100 rubles.

Sixth ruble

In 1961, new State Treasury notes were introduced for 1, 3 and 5 rubles, along with new State Bank notes for 10, 25, 50 and 100 rubles. In 1991, the State Bank took over production of 1, 3 and 5 ruble notes and also introduced 200, 500 and 1000 ruble notes, although the 25 ruble note was no longer issued. In 1992, a final issue of notes was made bearing the name of the U.S.S.R. before the Russian Federation introduced notes for 5000 and 10,000 rubles. These were followed by 50,000 and 100,000 ruble notes in 1993 and 500,000 rubles in 1995. Since the break up of the Soviet Union in 1991, Russian ruble banknotes and coins have been notable for their lack of portraits, which traditionally were included under both the Tsarist and Communist regimes. With the issue of the 500 ruble note depicting a statue of Peter I and then the 1000 ruble note depicting a statue of Yaroslav, the lack of recognizable faces on the currency has been partially alleviated.

Banknote Series of the Sixth Ruble
Series Value Obverse Reverse Issuer Languages
1961 1, 3, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 rubles Lenin or views of the Moscow Kremlin Value, and views of the Moscow Kremlin for 50 rubles or higher USSR 15
1991 1, 3, 5, 10, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000 rubles Russian3
1992 50, 200, 500, 1000, 5000, 10,000 rubles USSR for 1000 rubles and lower
Bank of Russia for 5000 and 10,000 rubles		 Russian
1993 100, 200, 500, 1000, 5000, 10,000, 50,000 rubles Moscow Kremlin with the tri-color Russian flag Bank of Russia
1995 1000, 5000, 10,000, 50,000, 100,000, 500,000 rubles Same design as today's banknotes, where 1 new ruble = 1000 old rubles. See below.4, 5

The 1000 ruble note did not continue as a 1 new ruble note.

Seventh ruble

In 1998, the following banknotes were introduced:

1997 Series [9]
Image Value Dimensions Main Colour Description Date of
Obverse Reverse Obverse Reverse Watermark printing issue
Banknote 5 rubles (1997) front.jpg Rub5b.jpg 5 rubles (no longer issued)1 137 × 61 mm Green The Millennium of Russia monument on background of Saint Sophia Cathedral in Veliky Novgorod Fortress wall of the Novgorod Kremlin "5", Saint Sophia Cathedral in Veliky Novgorod 1997 1 January 1998
Russia10rubles04front.jpg Russia10rubles04back.jpg 10 rubles (no longer issued)2 150 × 65 mm Dark-green and dark-brown Bridge across Yenisei River in Krasnoyarsk, Chapel Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric plant "10", Chapel 1 January 1998
20013, 20044
Russia50rubles04front.jpg Russia50rubles04back.jpg 50 rubles Blue and violet, respectively Sculpture at the foot of the Rostral Column on background of Petropavlosk Fortress in Saint Petersburg Former stock exchange building "50", Peter and Paul Cathedral
Russia100rubles04front.jpg Russia100rubles04back.jpg 100 rubles Brown-green-burgundy Sculpture on the portico of the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow The Bolshoi Theatre "100", The Bolshoi Theatre
Russia500rubles97front.jpg Russia500rubles97back.jpg 500 rubles Violet and blue, respectively Monument to Peter the Great, Sedov sailing ship and sea terminal in Arkhangelsk Solovetsky Monastery "500", Peter the Great
Banknote 1000 rubles 2004 front.jpg Banknote 1000 rubles 2004 back.jpg 1000 rubles 157 × 69 mm Blue-green Monument to Yaroslav I the Wise John the Baptist Church in Yaroslavl "1000", Monument to Yaroslav I the Wise 2000, 20044
Banknote 5000 rubles (1997) front.jpg Banknote 5000 rubles (1997) back.jpg 5000 rubles Red-orange Monument to Nikolay Muravyov-Amursky in Khabarovsk Khabarovsk Bridge over the Amur "5000", Head of the monument to Muravyov-Amursky June 2006
These images are to scale at 0.7 pixels per millimetre. For table standards, see the banknote specification table.
  1. The 5 ruble note is very rare now. It is now out of print, although it is still legal tender.
  2. The 10 ruble note is no longer printed starting January 2010. Replaced by the 10 ruble coin.
  3. Banknotes of the 2001 revision bear the fine print "модификация 2001г." meaning "modification of year 2001" on the left watermark area.
  4. Banknotes of the 2004 revision also bear the similar fine print. More importantly, new security features have been added, including (but not limited to):
  • Moiré pattern: The area appears to be one color from one angle, stripes from another angle.
  • Wider metallic thread
  • Microperforation (100 rubles and above): Denomination numeral formed by dots (small laser perforated holes in the paper)
  • Color shifting ink (500 rubles and above): The emblem of the Bank of Russia for 500 rubles, and the city emblem of Yaroslavl for 1000 rubles.

All Russian paper money is currently printed at the state-owned factory Goznak in Moscow, which was organized on 6 June 1919 and has continued to operate ever since. Coins are minted in Moscow and at the Saint Petersburg Mint, which has been operating since 1724.

Russian rubles per US$ 1998–2010
Year Lowest ↓ Highest ↑ Average
Date Rate Date Rate Rate
1998 1 January 5.9600 29 December 20.9900 9.7945
1999 1 January 20.6500 29 December 27.0000 24.6489
2000 6 January 26.9000 23 February 28.8700 28.1287
2001 4 January 28.1600 18 December 30.3000 29.1753
2002 1 January 30.1372 7 December 31.8600 31.3608
2003 20 December 29.2450 9 January 31.8846 30.6719
2004 30 December 27.7487 1 January 29.4545 28.8080
2005 18 March 27.4611 6 December 28.9978 28.3136
2006 6 December 26.1840 12 January 28.4834 27.1355
2007 24 November 24.2649 13 January 26.5770 25.5516
2008 16 July 23.1255 31 December 29.3804 24.8740
2009 13 November 28.6701 19 February 36.4267 31.68
2010 13 January 29.3774 9 February 30.5158
Source: USD exchange rates in RUB, Bank of Russia
Current RUB exchange rates
From Google Finance: AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD UAH CNY TRY
From Yahoo! Finance: AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD UAH CNY TRY
From XE.com: AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD UAH CNY TRY
From OANDA.com: AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD UAH CNY TRY

See also

References

  1. ↑ Tatar: сум; Bashkir: һум; Chuvash: тенкĕ; Ossetic: сом; Udmurt: манет; Mari: теҥге; Komi: шайт; Sakha: солкуобай
  2. ↑ Tatar: тиен; Bashkir: тин; Chuvash: пус; Ossetic: капекк; Udmurt: коны; Mari: ыр; Sakha: харчы
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Valeria Korchagina (15 June 2006). "'R' for Ruble Is Symbol of Pride". The Moscow Times. http://www.moscowtimes.ru/stories/2006/06/15/041.html. Retrieved 28 June 2007. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Peter Finn (28 June 2006). "Russians Bet Ruble Will Rise To Status of Dollar, Euro, Yen". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/28/AR2006062802156.html?nav=rss_business. Retrieved 28 June 2007. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 ""О знаке рубля"". 1 August 2007. http://www.artlebedev.ru/news/2007/rouble/. Retrieved 11 April 2008. 
  6. ↑ "Забытый знак российского рубля" (in Russian). РИА Новости. http://www.rian.ru/analytics/20060602/48952932.html. Retrieved 6 May 2006. 
  7. ↑ "Currencies of the World". The University of British Columbia Sauder School of Business. http://fx.sauder.ubc.ca/currency_table.html. Retrieved 28 June 2007. 
  8. ↑ "Russia". Lonely Planet. http://www.lonelyplanet.com/worldguide/destinations/europe/russia?a=facts. Retrieved 28 June 2007. 
  9. ↑ (German) "Mit alten Rubelmünzen Automaten am Zürcher HB geplündert". Swissinfo. 15 November 2006. http://www.swissinfo.org/ger/schweiz/ticker/index/Mit_alten_Rubelmuenzen_Automaten_am_Zuercher_HB_gepluendert.html?siteSect=113&sid=7262424&cKey=1163608880000. 
  10. ↑ http://www.cbr.ru/bank-notes_coins/coins/?file=Coins_97/kop_1_97.htm
  11. ↑ http://www.cbr.ru/bank-notes_coins/coins/?file=Coins_97/kop_5_97.htm
  12. ↑ http://www.cbr.ru/bank-notes_coins/coins/?file=Coins_97/kop_10_97.htm
  13. ↑ http://www.cbr.ru/bank-notes_coins/coins/?file=Coins_97/kop_50_97.htm
  • Krause, Chester L. and Clifford Mishler (1991). Standard Catalog of World Coins: 1801–1991 (18th ed. ed.). Krause Publications. ISBN 0873411501. 
  • Pick, Albert (1994). Standard Catalog of World Paper Money: General Issues. Colin R. Bruce II and Neil Shafer (editors) (7th ed.). Krause Publications. ISBN 0-87341-207-9. 

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Abkhazian apsar (unrecognized) · Armenian dram · Azerbaijani manat · Belarusian ruble · Estonian kroon · Georgian lari · Kazakhstani tenge · Kyrgyzstani som · Latvian lats · Lithuanian litas · Moldovan leu · Nagorno-Karabakh dram (unrecognized) · Russian ruble (Russia and Abkhazia (unrecognized) and South Ossetia (unrecognized)) · Tajikistani somoni · Transnistrian ruble (unrecognized) · Turkmenistan manat · Ukrainian hryvnia · Uzbekistani som
obsolete
Chechen naxar (unrecognized) · Georgian kupon lari · Latvian rublis · Lithuanian talonas · Moldovan cupon · Soviet ruble · Tajikistani ruble · Ukrainian karbovanets
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